The chipmaker’s 62-year-old founder is on a mission to speed global adoption of artificial intelligence and bring Nvidia’s technology to every corner of the economy. Huang is also trying to prove to skeptics on Wall Street warning of an AI bubble that trillions of dollars in infrastructure investments — including his company’s prized chips — will pay off soon.

Jensen Huang, the head of Nvidia, said again on Friday that he was eager for the Silicon Valley chip-making giant to resume selling advanced semiconductors in China, but expressed uncertainty about wh...